AYN RAND'S PHILOSOPHIC ACHIEVEMENT. Harry Binswanger. Example, her definition of capitalism: 'Capitalism is a social system based on the recognition of individual rights, including property rights. Ayn Rand was not the first philosopher to identify or uphold the fact. Ayn Rand views the wealth created by capitalism as a logical product of the freedom it affords to man, whose greatest asset is his freedom to make rational decisions in his self-interest, but.
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| Author | Ayn Rand |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Subjects | Capitalism Political philosophy |
| Publisher | New American Library |
Publication date | |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |
| Pages |
|
| ISBN | 978-0-451-14795-0 |
| OCLC | 24916193 |
Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal is a collection of essays, mostly by the philosopher Ayn Rand, with additional essays by her associates Nathaniel Branden, Alan Greenspan, and Robert Hessen. The authors focus on the moral nature of laissez-fairecapitalism and private property. They have a very specific definition of capitalism, a system they regard as broader than simply property rights or free enterprise. It was originally published in 1966.
- 2Themes
- 5References
Summary[edit]
Rand intended Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal to focus on the moral nature of capitalism, as opposed to focusing on its economic aspects. She contrasts this with what she says is the failure of most other defenders of capitalism to provide a moral defense of that system.[1][2][3]
After an introduction by Rand, the book is divided into two main sections. The first section, 'Theory and History', contains essays that focus on the theoretical basis for capitalism and historical arguments related to it. This section includes essays arguing against common objections to capitalism. The second section, 'Current State', focuses on contemporary political issues from the 1960s. The topics covered in this section include the Vietnam War, student protests, and the papal encyclicalPopulorum progressio. An 'Appendix' section reprints two essays on political theory previously published in Rand's earlier book, The Virtue of Selfishness. A recommended reading list about capitalism is also provided.[1][3][4]
Themes[edit]
Rand applies her philosophy of Objectivism to the subject of politics. When Rand talks of capitalism, she means laissez-faire capitalism, in which there is a complete separation of state and economics 'in the same way and for the same reasons as the separation of church and state.' Rand says, 'Objectivists are not 'conservatives'. We are radicals for capitalism; we are fighting for that philosophical base which capitalism did not have and without which it was doomed to perish.'
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Luxury brand management a world of privilege. Rand says that most people do not know what capitalism is, which is why it is 'the unknown ideal.'
What is capitalism?[edit]
As understood by Rand, capitalism is the system that emerges among a group of free individuals, each applying time and reason to sustain his or her own life, each the owner of the means to do so, freely trading among themselves.
Rand regarded a mixed economy as a dangerous and unstable combination of freedom and controls which tends to develop into ever increasing statism.
Reason and values[edit]
Rand held capitalism to be the only moral social system, that is, one consistent with an objective theory of value and ethical individualism. The creation of wealth, according to Rand, is a fusion of mind and matter, and she argued that reason is the most fundamental tool of survival for human beings. However, rational thought is rendered inoperative under conditions of compulsion, coercion or, as she puts it, the initiation of physical force. Whether it is the force of an armed robber or the force of a law, an actor's own judgment is rendered irrelevant to his actions by a threat of force, compelling him to act on the judgment or will of another, thus neutralizing the source of wealth and survival itself. Only voluntary trade can ensure that human interaction is mutually beneficial, and an analysis of history shows that only economic and political freedom has worked to create significant growth and economic development, precisely by liberating the rational faculties of ever wider numbers of individuals, according to Rand.
Individual rights[edit]
In its most basic form, the right to life (as understood by Rand) is the right of each human to do any and all activities necessary to sustain his or her own life. Rand further argued that one's selfish interests can never rationally entail the use of physical force or violence against the person or the property of another. Rand saw humans as thriving only as independent beings, reason being a faculty of the individual, with each freely expending his own time, effort and reason to sustain his own life.
Rand suggested that through the division of labor, specialization and voluntary trade, other people are of enormous value to an individual. Moreover, knowledge, skills and interests vary from human to human. One person may be better at shaping flint into arrowheads, another may have acquired the skill to turn mud into pottery. If the first wants a pot to cook in, he may trade an arrowhead for a pot. The central feature of free trade is that each participant judges that he or she has gained from the transaction.
When physical force is banned, according to Rand, persuasion alone can organize or coordinate human activity, and, consequently, the use of reason is both liberated and rewarded. The technological innovation which characterizes capitalist systems is thus directly related to conditions of economic freedom. A producer profits and becomes wealthy only by satisfying the voluntary choices of other market participants and in direct proportion to the value those participants find in transactions with that producer.
In this way, individuals who themselves could have never invented, for example, the light bulb or the steam engine can nonetheless benefit from the creativity of others – but this can be only ensured when both the innovator and the consumer are free to refuse the proposed trade. This, according to Rand, is the mechanism behind America's rapid economic development, its liberation of human reason.
Freedom being the primary condition for the practical use of reason, the role of government in protecting individual rights is therefore fundamental, according to Rand, and it is equally fundamental that the government itself be limited to its role of protecting rights, for only by rendering all human interaction voluntary, i.e., free from the initiated coercion of criminals and laws, can the market operate to radically improve the lives of everyone. To the extent that it has been permitted to operate, this is what a free market has done, argued Rand.
Thus, she held, 'a free mind and a free market are corollaries.'
Publication history[edit]
Most of the essays originally appeared in The Objectivist Newsletter or The Objectivist.[1] The hardcover first edition was published by New American Library in 1966. When the book was published in paperback in 1967, it was revised to include two additional essays.[5] In 1970, Rand revised the introduction to reflect her break with Nathaniel Branden.[6]
Reception and influence[edit]
Compared to Rand's earlier books, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal received relatively few reviews. The Freeman, which had previously published some of Rand's essays that were used in the book, says the book addresses 'myths' and 'bromides' used against capitalism using 'unique arguments' that deserve to be read.[7] A positive review appeared in the Houston Chronicle, and Barron's Magazine published a review by Rand's associate Leonard Peikoff. A negative review appeared in Book Week, and another negative review, in The New Republic, was titled 'Here We Go Gathering Nuts'.[8]
Economist Walter E. Williams has described the work as 'one of the best defenses and explanations of capitalism one is likely to read.'[9] A number of libertarian activists and scholars have described the book as being a key influence in developing their support for free markets, including John A. Allison,[10]Tyler Cowen,[11]Marc Emery,[12] James Ostrowski,[11]Joseph T. Salerno,[13]Chris Matthew Sciabarra,[14] and Larry J. Sechrest.[15]
Capitalism Ayn Rand Pdf
As of 2008, the book had sold over 600,000 copies.[16]
References[edit]
- ^ abcBaker 1987, pp. 81–83
- ^Rand 1967, p. vii
- ^ abGladstein 1999, pp. 81–82
- ^Gladstein 2009, pp. 71–74
- ^Perinn 1990, pp. 33–36
- ^Baker 1987, p. 23
- ^Gillette 1967, pp. 189–190
- ^Berliner 2000, pp. 22–23
- ^Williams, Walter. 'Book Recommendation List'. Walter E. Williams Homepage. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
- ^Stossel 2012
- ^ abBlock 2010, p. 92
- ^Emery 2008
- ^Block 2010, p. 309
- ^Block 2010, p. 327
- ^Block 2010, p. 331
- ^'Sales of Ayn Rand Books Reach 25 million Copies'. Ayn Rand Institute. April 7, 2008. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
Works cited[edit]
- Baker, James T. (1987). Ayn Rand. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN0-8057-7497-1. OCLC14933003.
- Berliner, Michael S. (2000). 'Ayn Rand in Review'(PDF). Archives Annual: The Newsletter of the Ayn Rand Archives. 3. pp. 5–27. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 5, 2013.
- Block, Walter, ed. (2010). I Chose Liberty: Autobiographies of Contemporary Libertarians(PDF). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN978-1-61016-002-5. OCLC748722868.
- Emery, Marc (April 4, 2008). 'The triumph of ideas'. Western Standard. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
- Gillette, Elizabeth (March 1967). 'Book Reviews: Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal'. The Freeman. 17 (3): 189–190.
- Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (1999). The New Ayn Rand Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN0-313-30321-5. OCLC40359365.
- Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). Ayn Rand. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series. New York: Continuum. ISBN978-0-8264-4513-1. OCLC319595162.
- Perinn, Vincent L. (1990). Ayn Rand: First Descriptive Bibliography. Rockville, Maryland: Quill & Brush. ISBN0-9610494-8-0. OCLC23216055.
- Rand, Ayn (1967) [1966]. Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (paperback 2nd ed.). New York: Signet.
- Stossel, John (January 12, 2012). 'Where are the champions of freedom?'. FoxNews.com. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
Ayn Rand Political Views
External links[edit]
- Capitalism – Theory, The Ayn Rand Lexicon.
- Commentary on Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal from 50 Prosperity Classics (2008) ISBN978-1-85788-504-0.
Capitalism Ayn Rand Quotes
Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal by Ayn Rand is a collection of essays about capitalism. It is not a book on economics but a series of essays on capitalism or more appropriately, what Rand calls the moral aspects of capitalism. Most of the articles collected for this book come from newsletters or lectures and papers. There are contribution from Ayn Rand, but also Nathaniel Branden, Alan Greenspan and Robert Hessen, all of them discussing various aspects of capitalism.
Rand presents her views of capitalism and other economic systems in this book. Her novels reveal her views through the various characters, like John Gait in Atlas Shrugged, who make comments and observations about various situations. Rand has a system called objectivism that is applied to all of the situations she analyzes. Objectivism results in the avocation of various principles. It all begins with the concept that man exists and because there is existence, there is a reality existing independent of all. The only chance man has of understanding reality is through reason. Objectivism consists of three aspects: objectivist epistemology which is basically reason, objectivist ethics which incorporates the role of self-interest and individualism and objectivist politics which is basically concerned with capitalism. This is the approach she takes to her analysis and observations about human nature and capitalism because objectivism finds its basis in laissez-faire capitalism.
Man differs from other animals in that man can think. Since man can think, he can work out his own means of survival. However, man needs a system based on individual rights in which to function and the only system that guarantees individual rights is the capitalism. So most of the book is concerned with comparing and contrasting capitalism and statism and man's nature and existence in both systems. Capitalism is the only system that allows for the rationality man requires. Statism, many other systems and even the Catholic Church, take an altruistic view of the situation. However altruism, according to Rand, is anathema to capitalism. Capitalism is based on the individual and the individual rights whereas altruism is based on man doing things for the good of the community or the country. Man himself is unimportant. Rand considers altruism to be the cause of many problems in a society because man cannot exist for long in this kind of situation.
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Ayn Rand Beliefs
This book exhibits the objectivism which is the philosophy of Ayn Rand. She is concerned with capitalism because she does not find any other system in which man can exists that allows him the rationality and individual rights he needs in order to function. Rand presents various issues, like big business, war, the student protest movement of the sixties, and altruism within the context of objectivism. This is a good book to read for those looking for a way to learn the philosophy of Ayn Rand to see how it is applied to various real world situations.