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  • Oil properties. The calculation of reserves in an oil reservoir or the determination of its performance requires knowledge of the fluid’s physical properties at elevated pressure and temperature. Of primary importance are bubblepoint pressure, solution gas-oil ratio (GOR), and formation volume factor (FVF).
  • The physical properties of the same class are weakly scattered, with similar mercury injection capillary pressure curves and pore throat distributions curves, and obviously weakened heterogeneity. It is indicated that the reservoir heterogeneity is primarily controlled by the pore types.

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Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX. History of Reservoir Engineering. Physical properties of hydrocarbons and associated compounds. Correlation: Pseudoreduced Temperature and Pressure. Reservoir engineering is the application of engineering principles for evalu-ating and managing reservoirs. This discipline is devoted to evaluating field performance. Through reservoir modeling studies, reservoir engineers endeavor to increase hydrocarbon production and maximize exploration and production assets. FSc Chemistry Book2, CH 4, LEC 7 Physical Properties of Nitrogendioxide - Oxides of Nitrogen (Part 6) 18:26 FSc Chemistry Book2, CH 4, LEC 3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Nitrous Oxide - Oxides of Nitrogen (Part 2). Rock formation that may create a petroleum reservoir, formed by differences in the thickness, texture, porosity or other physical characteristics of the reservoir rock. Structural trap: Noun: rock formation that may create a petroleum reservoir, formed by tectonic activity (folding and faulting). Substrate: Noun.

OVERVIEW

Petroleum exploration is largely concerned with the search for oil and gas, two of the chemically and physically diverse group of compounds termed the hydrocarbons. Physically, hydrocarbons grade from gases, via liquids and plastic substances, to solids. The hydrocarbon gases include dry gas (methane) and the wet gases (ethane, propane, butane, etc.). Condensates are hydrocarbons that are gaseous in the subsurface, but condense to liquid when they are cooled at the surface. Liquid hydrocarbons are termed oil, crude oil, or just crude, to differentiate them from refined petroleum products. The plastic hydrocarbons include asphalt and related substances. Solid hydrocarbons include coal and kerogen. Gas hydrates are ice crystals with peculiarly structured atomic lattices, which contain molecules of methane and other gases. This chapter describes the physical and chemical properties of natural gas, oil, and the gas hydrates; it is a necessary prerequisite to Chapter 5, which deals with petroleum generation and migration. The plastic and solid hydrocarbons are discussed in Chapter 9, which covers the tar sands and oil shales.

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The earth s atmosphere is composed of natural gas. In the oil industry, however, natural gas is defined as a mixture of hydrocarbons and varying quantities of nonhydrocarbons that exists either in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs. The foregoing is the definition adopted by the American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), and the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE). The same authorities subclassify natural gas..

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Ideally, fluid properties such as bubblepoint pressure, solution gas/oil ratio, formation volume factor and others are determined from laboratory studies designed to duplicate the conditions of interest. However, experimental data are quite often unavailable because representative samples cannot be obtained or the producing horizon does not warrant the expense of an in-depth reservoir fluid study. In these cases, pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties must be determined by analogy or through the use of empirically derived correlations. This page introduces these correlations and provides links to more in-depth calculations.

Oil properties

The calculation of reserves in an oil reservoir or the determination of its performance requires knowledge of the fluid’s physical properties at elevated pressure and temperature. Of primary importance are bubblepoint pressure, solution gas-oil ratio (GOR), and formation volume factor (FVF). In addition, viscosity and interfacial or surface tension must be determined for calculations involving the flow of oil through pipe or porous media.

The key oil properties that are generally needed for understanding a reservoir and its producability are:

Table 1[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] summarizes the recommended methods for general use determination of each property. These recommendations are based on the correlation performance derived from a common data set or the author’s experiences drawn from using various correlations for a number of years. Another way of winning updated.

  • Table 1

In selecting the appropriate methods for performing calculations for a specific reservoir it is important to consider the characteristics of the crude oil itself -- its gravity, asphaltene or paraffin content, etc. See Crude oil characterization along with the caveats discussed in conjunction with discussion of each property.

References

  1. ↑Lasater, J.A. 1958. Bubble Point Pressure Correlations. J Pet Technol 10 (5): 65–67. SPE-957-G. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/957-G.
  2. ↑Al-Shammasi, A.A. 2001. A Review of Bubblepoint Pressure and Oil Formation Volume Factor Correlations. SPE Res Eval & Eng 4 (2): 146-160. SPE-71302-PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71302-PA
  3. ↑Velarde, J., Blasingame, T.A., and McCain Jr., W.D. 1997. Correlation of Black Oil Properties At Pressures Below Bubble Point Pressure - A New Approach. Presented at the Annual Technical Meeting of CIM, Calgary, Alberta, 8–11 June. PETSOC-97-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/97-93
  4. ↑Al-Marhoun, M.A. 1992. New Correlations For Formation Volume Factors Of Oil And Gas Mixtures. J Can Pet Technol 31 (3): 22. PETSOC-92-03-02. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/92-03-02
  5. ↑Frashad, F., LeBlanc, J.L., Garber, J.D. et al. 1996. Empirical PVT Correlations For Colombian Crude Oils. Presented at the SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 23–26 April. SPE-36105-MS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36105-MS
  6. ↑Kartoatmodjo, R.S.T. 1990. New Correlations for Estimating Hydrocarbon Liquid Properties. MS thesis, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
  7. ↑Kartoatmodjo, T.R.S. and Schmidt, Z. 1991. New Correlations for Crude Oil Physical Properties, Society of Petroleum Engineers, unsolicited paper 23556-MS.
  8. ↑Kartoatmodjo, T. and Z., S. 1994. Large Data Bank Improves Crude Physical Property Correlations. Oil Gas J. 92 (27): 51–55.
  9. ↑Dindoruk, B. and Christman, P.G. 2001. PVT Properties and Viscosity Correlations for Gulf of Mexico Oils. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 30 September-3 October. SPE-71633-MS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71633-MS
  10. ↑Petrosky, G.E. Jr. 1990. PVT Correlations for Gulf of Mexico Crude Oils. MS thesis. 1990. . MS thesis, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana.
  11. ↑Petrosky, G.E. Jr. and Farshad, F. 1998. Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations for Gulf of Mexico Crude Oils. SPE Res Eval & Eng 1 (5): 416-420. SPE-51395-PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/51395-PA
  12. ↑Glasø, Ø. 1980. Generalized Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations. J Pet Technol 32 (5): 785-795. SPE-8016-PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/8016-PA
  13. ↑Whitson, C.H. and Brulé, M.R. 2000. Phase Behavior, No. 20, Chap. 3. Richardson, Texas: Henry L. Doherty Monograph Series, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
  14. ↑Bergman, D.F. 2004. Don’t Forget Viscosity. Presented at the Petroleum Technology Transfer Council 2nd Annual Reservoir Engineering Symposium, Lafayette, Louisiana, 28 July.
  15. ↑Fitzgerald, D.J. 1994. A Predictive Method for Estimating the Viscosity of Undefined Hydrocarbon Liquid Mixtures. MS thesis, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.
  16. ↑Daubert, T.E. and Danner, R.P. 1997. API Technical Data Book—Petroleum Refining, 6th edition, Chap. 11. Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute (API).
  17. ↑Chew, J. and Connally, C.A. Jr. 1959. A Viscosity Correlation for Gas-Saturated Crude Oils. In Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol. 216, 23. Dallas, Texas: Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME.
  18. ↑Aziz, K. and Govier, G.W. 1972. Pressure Drop in Wells Producing Oil and Gas. J Can Pet Technol 11 (3): 38. PETSOC-72-03-04. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/72-03-04
  19. ↑Beggs, H.D. and Robinson, J.R. 1975. Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil Systems. J Pet Technol 27 (9): 1140-1141. SPE-5434-PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/5434-PA
  20. ↑Beal, C. 1970. The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and Its Associated Gases at Oil Field Temperatures and Pressures, No. 3, 114–127. Richardson, Texas: Reprint Series (Oil and Gas Property Evaluation and Reserve Estimates), SPE.
  21. ↑Standing, M.B. 1981. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil Field Hydrocarbon Systems, ninth edition. Richardson, Texas: Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME
  22. ↑Kouzel, B. 1965. How Pressure Affects Liquid Viscosity. Hydrocarb. Process. (March 1965): 120.
  23. ↑Vazquez, M.E. 1976. Correlations for Fluid Physical Property Prediction. MS thesis, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
  24. ↑Vazquez, M. and Beggs, H.D. 1980. Correlations for Fluid Physical Property Prediction. J Pet Technol 32 (6): 968-970. SPE-6719-PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/6719-PA
  25. ↑Abdul-Majeed, G.H. and Abu Al-Soof, N.B. 2000. Estimation of gas–oil surface tension. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 27 (3–4): 197-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-4105(00)00058-9
  26. ↑Baker, O. and Swerdloff, W. 1955. Calculation of Surface Tension 3—Calculating parachor Values. Oil Gas J. (5 December 1955): 141.
  27. ↑Baker, O. and Swerdloff, W. 1956. Calculation of Surface Tension 6—Finding Surface Tension of Hydrocarbon Liquids. Oil Gas J. (2 January 1956): 125.
  28. ↑Firoozabadi, A. and Ramey Jr., H.J. 1988. Surface Tension of Water-Hydrocarbon Systems at Reservoir Conditions. J Can Pet Technol 27 (May–June): 41–48.

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